{"id":119284,"date":"2026-07-14T09:26:21","date_gmt":"2026-07-14T07:26:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ihdemu.com\/?p=119284"},"modified":"2026-07-14T09:31:29","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T07:31:29","slug":"%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%87%d8%8c-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%ad%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%ab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ihdemu.com\/ar\/%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%87%d8%8c-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%ad%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%ab\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631\u061f<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648: \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/b><\/p>\n

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    \n
  • \n

    \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a:<\/b> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0640 “\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646” \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a:<\/b> \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/b> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631<\/b> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0646: \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n

    \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n

    \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

    \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

    \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062e\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627” \u0643\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1843<\/b>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/b>\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

    \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1931-1939)<\/h2>\n

    \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a<\/b>.<\/p>\n

    \u0623\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0629 (Castilla)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648 (1939-1975)<\/h2>\n

    \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0646\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627”.<\/p>\n

    \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

    \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1978<\/b> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n

    \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981<\/b>\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

    \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n

    \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n

      \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/b> \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n

      \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631<\/b> \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    3. \n

      \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/b> \u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629)<\/b>.<\/p>\n

      \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

      \u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n

      \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n

        \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/b> \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Castilla). \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f:<\/b> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Le\u00f3n). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 Legio<\/i> (\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629). \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d “Le\u00f3n” \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629:<\/b> \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Arag\u00f3n)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/b> \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Navarra). \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 (Navas de Tolosa) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1212.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629:<\/b> \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0629<\/b> (Granada). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1492 (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0642\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/h3>\n

        \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641.<\/p>\n

        \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648:<\/p>\n

        “Non Plus Ultra”<\/b> (\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627)<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631:<\/p>\n

        “Plus Ultra”<\/b> (\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \/ \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643)<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a<\/h3>\n

        \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/b>\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 (\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627).<\/p>\n

        15 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/h2>\n
        \n

        \u062a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640 15 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (H3)<\/b> \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629:<\/p>\n

        1. \u0648\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n

        \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

        2. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/h3>\n

        \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621).<\/p>\n

        3. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a<\/h3>\n

        \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1931 \u06481939.<\/p>\n

        4. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n

        \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

        5. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/h3>\n

        \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

        6. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/h3>\n

        \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0629 (\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0629).<\/p>\n

        7. \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 “Plus Ultra” \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

        \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 1 \u0623\u0648 2 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627!<\/p>\n

        8. \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/h3>\n

        \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

        9. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n

        \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a 12 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631<\/b> \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

        10. \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/h3>\n

        \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

        11. \u0631\u0641\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n

        \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

        12. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981<\/h3>\n

        \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1978\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

        13. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

        \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n

        14. \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h3>\n

        \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

        15. \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n

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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":119283,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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